PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

TOXICITY

SMILES

CLASSIFICATION

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

REFRACTIVE INDEX

GENERAL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATIONS

Sulfoxide (R₂SO) is any of various organic sulfur compounds having the group -SO (sulfinyl group) whereas sulfone (RSOOR) with the group -SO₂ (sulfonyl group). They are derived from oxidation of sulfides ((R-S-R). Thioethers (organic sulfides) can be oxidized either to oxidation state -1 "disulfides (R-S-S-R)" or to oxidation state 0 "sulfoxides (R-S(=O)-R)" which can be further oxidized to the corresponding oxidation state +2 "sulfones (R-S(=O)₂-R)" depending on the structure of the thioether. They are widely used as solvent of both extraction and reaction as well as intermediates for the synthesis of textile chemicals and pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

The catalysts in hydrocracking, hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization and reforming processes are used in oxide forms, which must be converted to the active sulfide form during the start-up to prevent the reduction of the catalysts to their base material by heat. The sulfur sources include alkyl mercaptans (methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan), dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl disulfide, and tert-nolyl polysulfide. They are used to modify the reactivity of catalysts to use in high temperature process furnaces. Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used as an effective extraction solvent and solvent improver for the separation of aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and xylenes) from aliphatic hydrocarbons, and for fractionation of unsaturated components (olefins and alkynes) from saturated feedstock.

Pharmaceutical grade DMSO demonstrates a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation. Due to its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for the transdermal delivery of active pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation

INDUSTRIAL GRADE

APPEARANCE

ASSAY (GLC)

99.8% min

18 C min

ACID VALUE

0.03 max ((mg KOH/g)

COLOR, APHA

10 max

WATER

0.1% max

PHARMACEUTICAL GRADE

APPEARANCE

ASSAY (GLC)

99.9% min

ACID VALUE

0.03 max ((mg KOH/g)

WATER

0.1% max

0.3 max (275nm), 0.2 max (295nm)

COLOR, APHA

10 max

220kgs in drum

Polarity

The most common solvent is water. Other common solvents which dissolve substances that are insoluble (or nearly insoluble) in water are acetone, alcohol, formic acid, acetic acid, formamide. BTX, carbon disulfide, diemthyl sulfoxide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, tetrahydrofuran, furfural, hexane and turpentine. They may be classified as polar and non-polar. Polar solvents, like water, have molecules whose electric charges are unequally distributed, leaving one end of each molecule more positive than the other. Usually polar solvent has O-H bond of which water (HOH), (CH₃OH) and acetic acid (CH₃COOH) are examples. Propanol, butanol, formic acid, formamide are polar solvents. Dipolar solvents which contain a C-O solid bond without O-H bond are acetone [(CH₃)₂C=O], ethyl acetate (CH₃COOCH₂CH₃), methyl ethyl ketone, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide and diemthyl sulfoxide. Nonpolar solvents, like carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), benzene (C₆H₆), and diethyl ether ( CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃), have molecules whose electric charges are equally distributed and are not miscible with water. Hexane, tetrahydrofuran and methylene chloride are non-polar solvents. Polar solvents are hydrophilic but non-polar solvents are lipophilic. Polar reactants will dissolve in polar solvents. Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best. Oil and water don't mix but separate into two layers. There are three measures of the polarity as "dipole moment", "dielectric constant" and "miscibility with water". Though low dipole moments and small dielectric constants indicates non-polar solvents, sharp boundaries between polar and non-polar solvents are not available. The polarity reflects the balance between a polar component (OH) and a non-polar hydrocarbon component, existing in the same molecule. If hydrocarbon character increases relatively, the polarity decreases. On an operational basis, solvents that are miscible with water are polar.

Polar Protic and Dipolar Aprotic

Protic refers to a hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom. Protic solvents can donate an H+ (proton) since they contain dissociable H+, such as hydrogen attached to oxygen as in a hydroxyl group, nitrogen as in a amine group. Examples are water, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride and ammonia. Aprotic solvents don't has O-H bond but a C=O bond typically. Examples are acetone [(CH₃)₂C=O] and ethyl acetate (CH₃COOCH₂CH₃). Polar protic solvents are useful in S_N1 reaction, while polar aprotic solvents are S_N2 reaction.